两池火耦合作用下柴油拱顶罐热响应的数值模拟

化工园区多池火事故是典型的高后果低概率事件。鉴于目前两池火辐射模型存在一定局限性，本文采用数值模拟方法，以3个直线排布的5000m³柴油拱顶罐为研究场景，从热释放速率、火焰形态、热辐射强度三方面分析两池火燃烧特性，并与单池火场景对比，考虑储罐间距这一影响因素，进一步研究目标储罐热响应。结果表明：采用GB 50160—2008（2018年版）规定的防火间距，两燃烧罐产生的池火会发生耦合作用，并得出目标储罐受到的热辐射强度分布，最高热辐射达17.04kW/m²；两池火作用下目标储罐的温度、Mises应力与失效时间分别为644℃、356MPa、936s，单池火为488℃、280MPa、2880s，目标储罐在两池火作用下的变形也比单池火更为严重；随着储罐间距增加，目标储罐的温度与Mises应力逐渐减小，失效时间逐渐增加，当储罐间距为标准防火间距的2.5倍（20m）时，失效时间为2800s，与单池火作用产生的失效时间2880s较为接近。本研究可为优化储罐防火间距及区域韧性提升提供理论指导。     

基于弥散燃料颗粒开裂的金属基体裂纹特征模型

金属基弥散燃料元件在特殊工况下会发生表面起泡失效。燃料颗粒开裂是金属基体开裂的前提条件，只有当金属基体开裂后元件才会发生表面起泡。燃料颗粒开裂后，裂纹宽度和塑性区长度等裂纹特征决定了金属基体开裂行为。基于弹塑性断裂力学和应力平衡条件，建立了基于弥散燃料颗粒开裂的金属基体裂纹特征模型。计算结果表明：裂纹张开位移随退火温度和燃耗深度的升高而增加；裂纹尖端塑性区长度主要与退火温度相关。裂纹张开位移和塑性区长度的计算结果与实验数据均符合较好，验证了金属基体裂纹特征模型的有效性。     

Void region restriction for additive manufacturing via a diffusion physics approach

A longstanding challenge in additive manufacturing (AM), the presence of void regions in additively manufactured components, causes two main issues: the enclosing of build material powder in powder bed fusion techniques and limiting tool access in critical post-processing operations to remove sacrificial support structures. As topology optimization has embraced and overcome many of the obstacles of incorporating AM constraints into the underlying numerical optimization statement, there exist few solutions that directly address this fundamental void region issue. By developing computationally efficient and effective solutions to this problem, the integration of these two advanced technologies can be fully realized. Drawing on inspiration from the principles of diffusion physics, a particle diffusion void restriction (PDVR) method is presented in this work that is capable of encouraging the optimization scheme to generate final designs that are fully accessible. Additionally, this method empowers the user to choose the type of post-processing method to clear support material (eg, three-axis or five-axis milling operations, number and orientation of part set-ups) and, therefore, quantify the level of costs associated with the post-processing operation. The PDVR optimization framework is demonstrated on multiple two- and three-dimensional test problems, with physically manufactured examples depicting the real-world benefits this method admits.     

建筑产业转型升级新时代下高职建筑工程技术特色专业建设问题的新思考

随着建筑业技术进步和转型升级,高职建筑工程技术专业建设应顺应新时代要求,产教融合,办出特色。本文提出了“四个对接一个融合”的特色专业建设新思考。     

喷淋液滴在空气环境下的运动特性

本文以喷淋液滴在空气环境下运动特性为工程背景，建立单个液滴在常温、常压空气环境中的动量方程，分析液滴沉降特性、追赶特性及运动轨迹行为。计算结果表明，不同喷淋液滴初始条件下，短时间内存在重力大于曳力和重力小于曳力两种情况，但最终减速液滴均会达到受力平衡状态；液滴离开喷淋头后，垂向位移均迅速增大，液滴粒径越大、初始速度越大，垂向位移增长的速率也越大，达到相同位移的用时越短；液滴尺寸、初始速度相差越大，液滴追赶所用的时间越短，追赶位移越小，液滴尺寸、初始速度越接近，液滴追赶所用的时间越长，追赶位移越大；液滴初始速度越大、初始直径越大、喷射角度越大，横向速度消失越慢，达到的横向位移越大，喷射液滴覆盖的面积也越大。计算结果有助于优化工程实际中喷淋系统的设计与布置。     

A novel minimum weight formulation of topology optimization implemented with reanalysis approach

In this paper, we develop an efficient diagonal quadratic optimization formulation for minimum weight design problem subject to multiple constraints. A high-efficiency computational approach of topology optimization is implemented within the framework of approximate reanalysis. The key point of the formulation is the introduction of the reciprocal-type variables. The topology optimization seeking for minimum weight can be transformed as a sequence of quadratic program with separable and strictly positive definite Hessian matrix, thus can be solved by a sequential quadratic programming approach. A modified sensitivity filtering scheme is suggested to remove undesirable checkerboard patterns and mesh dependence. Several typical examples are provided to validate the presented approach. It is observed that the optimized structure can achieve lighter weight than those from the established method by the demonstrative numerical test. Considerable computational savings can be achieved without loss of accuracy of the final design for 3D structure. Moreover, the effects of multiple constraints and upper bound of the allowable compliance upon the optimized designs are investigated by numerical examples.     

An engineering method for complex structural optimization involving both size and topology design variables

This work presents an engineering method for optimizing structures made of bars, beams, plates, or a combination of those components. Corresponding problems involve both continuous (size) and discrete (topology) variables. Using a branched multipoint approximate function, which involves such mixed variables, a series of sequential approximate problems are constructed to make the primal problem explicit. To solve the approximate problems, genetic algorithm (GA) is utilized to optimize discrete variables, and when calculating individual fitness values in GA, a second-level approximate problem only involving retained continuous variables is built to optimize continuous variables. The solution to the second-level approximate problem can be easily obtained with dual methods. Structural analyses are only needed before improving the branched approximate functions in the iteration cycles. The method aims at optimal design of discrete structures consisting of bars, beams, plates, or other components. Numerical examples are given to illustrate its effectiveness, including frame topology optimization, layout optimization of stiffeners modeled with beams or shells, concurrent layout optimization of beam and shell components, and an application in a microsatellite structure. Optimization results show that the number of structural analyses is dramatically decreased when compared with pure GA while even comparable to pure sizing optimization.     

配加预处理脱硫灰对铁矿烧结基础特性的影响

 半干法脱硫灰堆弃处理占用土地且容易造成二次污染,将脱硫灰预处理后替代CaO熔剂配入烧结有望充分利用其中的熔剂组分,实现脱硫灰在钢铁企业的闭路资源化利用。研究了脱硫灰配加焦粉加热分解特性及替代CaO熔剂配加对铁矿粉烧结基础特性的影响。结果表明,配加1%焦粉可以有效提高脱硫灰分解率,减少CaSO₄的生成。随着预处理脱硫灰替代CaO比例的增加,铁矿粉同化温度和黏结相强度呈现先增加后减小的趋势;液相流动性呈现单调增加趋势,当替代比超过40%时,液相流动性形成了流动性很大的“假象”;黏结相微观结构表明,替代比例小于40%时,有利于烧结试样中铁酸钙的生成;综合考虑,最佳的替代比例应小于40%。     

Strain-rate dependence of surface/subsurface deformation mechanisms during nanoscratching tests of GGG single crystal

Constant- and varied-depth nanoscratching tests of GGG single crystal were carried out at different scratching velocities. The morphologies of the scratched grooves and chips were analysed using scanning electron microscope. The experimental results indicated that higher scratching velocity led to shallower penetration depth, shallower residual depth, and larger continuous chips. Increasing the scratching velocity could effectively improve the plasticity and reduce the brittle-to-ductile transition depth of GGG single crystal. Based on the contact stress and contact area between the analysed sample and Berkovich indenter, a model for predicting the penetration depth was developed, which took into account the strain rate effect and elastic recovery of materials. The model was verified using constant- and varied-depth nanoscratching tests, and the predicted and experimental results were in good agreement. Subsurface damage underneath the ductile surface was characterised using transmission electron microscope. The TEM results demonstrated that higher scratching velocity led to the slipping planes appearing in more directions, which prevented the generation of long slipping plane and reduced the depth of the damage layers. The plastic deformation of GGG at the scratching velocity of 100 μm/s was dominated by poly-crystalline nanocrystallites and amorphous phases, and was similar to that at the low scratching velocity. This study provided a fundamental understanding of the strain-rate dependence of surface/subsurface deformation mechanisms of GGG during ultra-precision machining.